Piper Alpha on Fire |
Sejarah Ringkas : Petroleum dan Teknologi di Malaysia.
Petroleum adalah perkataan Greek yang mengabungkan dua phrase iaitu Petra- bermaskud Batuan (Rock) dan Oleum bermaksud minyak (oil).
Minyak mentah mulai dijumpai di Miri, Sarawak pada awal 1900 dan Shell telah mengali telaga minyak pertama di Malaysia - yang dikenali sebagai Grand Old Lady (1918).
Petronas dibentuk pada tahun1974 di Kuala Lumpur bagi pengurusan industri minyak dan gas.
Epmi inc menjalankan explorasi dan membangunkan telaga minyak di perairan Terengganu dengan terdirinya Medan minyak Pm-9.Minyak dihasilkan di pesisir pantai Terengganu dikenali sebagai Tapis Blend dan merupakan salah satu dari qualiti minyak mentah terbaik di dunia. Minyak boleh di bahagi kepada dua panggilan asas iaitu Sweet (non-sulfur content) dan Sour (sulfur content).
Ukuran vulume yang digunakan ialah Barrel bersamaan dengan 42 Us gallons.
Standard yang diguna pakai dalam industri ini ialah API (American Petroleum Standard) diseluruh dunia.
Pulai-a adalah platform yang pertama sekali menghasilkan minyak mentah diluar pesisir pantai Terengganu dan minyak itu disalurkan kepada floating tanker Esso Mercia pada awal 1974.
Kemalangan yang paling terkenal meragut beratus-ratus nyawa berlaku di Laut Utara (North Sea) kebakaran hebat ini telah melenyapkan Platform Piper Alpha dalam tempoh yang singkat.
Kesan dari kemalangan hebat ini banyak standard dan regulation untuk industri minyak dan gas telah di buat dan undang baru di bentuk untuk industri terhebat dan terpenting ini.
Asal usul Minyak Mentah - Black Gold
Secara ringkasnya begini.
Terbentuk berbillion tahun dahulu darpada bahan organik yang mereput dan mengalami proses perubahan suhu,tekanan dan perubahan kimia dari proses semulajadi (kuasa alam) itu terbentuklah bahan yang paling dikehendaki di dunia moden sekarang. Fossil yang mereput bertukar sifat menjadi sumber hydrocarbon.
Khazanah bernilai itu tersimpan disuatu tempat yang dikenali Resevoir (takungan) didasar perut bumi.Hydrocarbon reservoir yang tersimpan didalam formation rock.Sejenis batuan poros dan ada sifat permeability nya (sifat boleh alir).
Pada asas Hydrocarbon adalah ikatan secara kimia antara Hydrogen (H2) dengan Carbon (C).maenghasilkan
gabungan CH2.
Resevoir minyak dan gas di dasar perut bumi. Tekanan didalam takungan disebabkan oleh Water drive atau Gas Drive. Dan dari tekanan Gas Cap. |
Proses yang melibatkan modal berbilion dollar adalah proses perjudian nasib pengusaha medan minyak. Jika wild cat well strike , you rich.....It likes a gambling game..Proses awal dilakukan oleh sekumpulan saintis Geologist dan Geophysics.
Setelah medan minyak itu ditentukan mepunyai nilai komersil dan simpanan yang banyak dan boleh menguntungkan.Satu proses pembangunan medan minyak baru bermula.Pengusaha memerlukan Drilling Rig atau Drilling ship untuk mengerudi production well bagi telaga operasi pengeluaran hasil khazanah bumi yang paling penting itu.Proses kedua ini melibatkan peringkat pengerudian (Drilling).
TriPod Jack up Drilling Rig. |
Drill mempunyai dua method secara asasnya iaitu Directional Drill dan Non-directional.
WELL HEAD
Production Well.or WellHead. (Kepala Telaga)
Combination of series Valve and control line called X-Mass tree. |
X-Mass Tree.
Combination of series of valve including control line.
Crown Valve on top,Swab Valve,Choke Valve. Master surface Valve.SSD(surface shut down valve) and SSSD (Sub-Surface Shut Down Valve and completed with Hydraulic control line.
Two type of production well .Dual string and single string.
Single string
Production tubing have single string directed into production reservoir.
single string |
Dual string.
Combination of two production tubing in a single slot wellhead.
Tubing directed into 2 different production zone .Upper Zone and Lower Zone.
Upper Zone call Shot string.
Lower Zone call Long string
All these equipment and control line will be operated from a control skid (WellHead Control Panel).
This panel able to control the operation of those associated valve to control and regulate operation of the well.
Manifold
Production manifold used to directed well fluid into serial of production separator and vessel at the down stream of wellhead.
Test Manifold directed well fluid into Test Separator.
Production Manifold directed well fluid into Production Separator.
Simple and Brief Operation of Producing Crude Oil at Production Platform.
Production Separator( Two phase vessel and Three Phase Vessel)
Combination of Surge Vessel and Hp vessel and Lp Vessel.
All the vessel will cater the well fluid within separator call retention time (time taken for fluid to flow from inlet to the outlet vessel).
These vessel will separate Well fluid into Gas, Water and Oil.
Gas will flow into second stage vessel (gas Scrubber) before entering the Gas Compressor module.
Water will flow into Water separator and CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor) before produced water discharge into the sea.
Oil or Crude will go into Surge Vessel before pumped into pipeline and ended up in Storage Tank.
But to run a complete production platform we need support Equipment and utility system.
1. Power Generation.
2.Safety System and Fire Fighting Equipment.
3.Compress Air system.
4. Fuel System and Flare System.
5.Water Discharge System.
6.Utility System and support Equipments.
7.Communication and Lifting Equipments.
9. Additional operation Module
1. Gas Compressor Module.
2. Water injection Module.
3.Gas Dehydration Module.
10. Survival Equipments.
Remote Platform.
Small and simple offshore installation to cater wellhead from different production reservoir with no proses vessel on board.
Also the favorites fishing ground to Ambo .
Ambo dan Semuk.
Upper Zone call Shot string.
Lower Zone call Long string
dual string |
This panel able to control the operation of those associated valve to control and regulate operation of the well.
Manifold
Production manifold used to directed well fluid into serial of production separator and vessel at the down stream of wellhead.
Test Manifold directed well fluid into Test Separator.
Production Manifold directed well fluid into Production Separator.
Production Platform and Drilling Derrick on it. |
Simple and Brief Operation of Producing Crude Oil at Production Platform.
Production Separator( Two phase vessel and Three Phase Vessel)
Combination of Surge Vessel and Hp vessel and Lp Vessel.
All the vessel will cater the well fluid within separator call retention time (time taken for fluid to flow from inlet to the outlet vessel).
These vessel will separate Well fluid into Gas, Water and Oil.
Gas will flow into second stage vessel (gas Scrubber) before entering the Gas Compressor module.
Water will flow into Water separator and CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor) before produced water discharge into the sea.
Oil or Crude will go into Surge Vessel before pumped into pipeline and ended up in Storage Tank.
But to run a complete production platform we need support Equipment and utility system.
1. Power Generation.
2.Safety System and Fire Fighting Equipment.
3.Compress Air system.
4. Fuel System and Flare System.
5.Water Discharge System.
6.Utility System and support Equipments.
7.Communication and Lifting Equipments.
9. Additional operation Module
1. Gas Compressor Module.
2. Water injection Module.
3.Gas Dehydration Module.
10. Survival Equipments.
Remote Platform.
Small and simple offshore installation to cater wellhead from different production reservoir with no proses vessel on board.
Also the favorites fishing ground to Ambo .
Ambo dan Semuk.
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